For example, Hartwig and colleagues conducted a series of studies to show that withholding evidence until late in the interview leaves room for guilty suspects to blatantly lie, for instance by denying being in the area of the crime. Their research consistently shows that being strategic about revealing evidence of criminal acts to suspects increases deception detection accuracy rates above chance levels ( Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 2011 Law and Human Behavior, 2006). "They have to make up a story to account for the time of wrongdoing, but they can't be sure what evidence the interviewer has against them."īoth Bull and Hartwig conduct research on criminal investigative interview techniques that encourage interviewees to talk while interviewers slowly reveal evidence. "Liars have a dilemma," says Ray Bull, PhD, a professor of criminal investigation at the University of Derby, in the United Kingdom. Such research has "enormous potential to revolutionize law enforcement, military and private sector investigations," says Christian Meissner, PhD, a professor of psychology at Iowa State University, who studies the psychological processes underlying investigative interviews. "The view now is that the interaction between deceiver and observer is a strategic interplay," she says. Instead of looking at people for visual cues that they may be dissembling - such as a lack of eye contact or fidgeting - psychologists are now focused on developing proactive strategies that interviewers can use to elicit signs of deception, says Maria Hartwig, PhD, associate professor of psychology at John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Given these early findings, today's researchers are exploring new methods of deception detection. "There really is no Pinocchio's nose," says Judee Burgoon, PhD, a professor of communication at the University of Arizona. They examined behaviors such as posture shifts, gaze aversion, and foot and hand movements, without much success. This theory led researchers to search for reliable behavioral indicators of deception. Traditional police practices in deception detection stem from early theories on lying that assume liars will exhibit stress-based cues because they fear being caught and feel guilty about lying. Particularly when investigating crime, the need for accurate deception detection is critical for police officers who must get criminals off the streets without detaining innocent suspects. This finding holds across all types of people - students, psychologists, judges, job interviewers and law enforcement personnel ( Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2006). Research has consistently shown that people's ability to detect lies is no more accurate than chance, or flipping a coin.
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